USO
United States Oil Fund
Published by Radif Partners · Updated
Overview
United States Oil Fund (USO) tracks the WTI Crude Oil Futures index synthetically, through a swap agreement rather than by holding the constituents, and is managed by US Commodity Funds. Dividends are paid out to holders rather than reinvested, so USO suits investors seeking regular income. The fund is domiciled in US, which determines the withholding tax treatment applied to its dividends. Annual charges come to 0.60% of assets, and the fund holds 1.7B under management. Over five years the fund returned 22.8% a year on average, against 26.1% over three years. It is not eligible for the French PEA, but can be held in a securities account, a UK ISA or a German Depot. Its risk level is rated high. Launched on 2006-04-10, the fund is denominated in USD and has 20 years of track record. Because USO distributes, every payment is taxable in the year it is received, against the dividend allowance in a general account, while it stays sheltered inside an ISA or a SIPP. Domicile in US sets the withholding the fund itself suffers on the dividends it receives, a cost absent from the stated fee but present in the return.
At 0.60%, this fund costs more than twice the median of its category (0.30%) and over 6.7 times the cheapest (0.09%). On £10,000 the gap to the median is worth about 300 over ten years, and that difference is certain in a way no performance gap is. A premium can be justified, by an index no competitor tracks, by a useful trading currency, or by size that guarantees liquidity; it is not justified by the brand. The question is therefore plain: what does this fund offer that the cheapest on the list does not?
This fund tracks WTI Crude Oil Futures through a swap: it does not hold the index constituents but a collateral basket, and exchanges that basket's return for the index's with a bank. Two consequences are real. It introduces counterparty risk, bounded by collateral revalued daily and by regulation, but not zero. And it makes possible what direct holding cannot: tracking an index closed to direct purchase, or avoiding withholding tax on dividends, which is why a synthetic fund sometimes beats its physical twin after tax. The swap's cost does not appear in the ongoing charge; it shows up in tracking difference measured over several years.
The fund is domiciled in the United States, and for a European investor that is the point to settle before any other. A US fund is outside UCITS regulation: most European brokers cannot offer it to a retail client for want of a key information document, so access depends on the investor's status. Two tax consequences follow as well: dividends paid to a non-resident bear US withholding, reduced by treaty where a W-8BEN is in place, and US securities held directly fall within US estate tax above a threshold that is low for a non-resident. An Irish-domiciled equivalent avoids both questions.
Income is distributed: the fund pays out the dividends it receives, usually one to four times a year. For a holder living off the portfolio that is what is wanted, since the income arrives without selling. For someone still accumulating it is a tax disadvantage in a taxable account: each payment is taxed in the year received, so the amount reinvested is reduced before it starts working again. Reinvesting by hand also costs a dealing commission each time and often leaves cash idle for want of the price of a whole unit. An accumulating class on the same index, where one exists, settles the question.
With 1.7 billion in assets and 20 years of history, this fund has the size and the record that make closure unlikely and the spread narrow. Three checks remain, once a year, none of which depends on the market. The ongoing charge, which an issuer revises without notice and whose gap to a competitor can invert. The tracking difference, the only figure that says whether replication stays faithful. And the methodology of WTI Crude Oil Futures, which can change its selection or weighting rules without the fund's name moving, in which case what you hold has changed with nothing to announce it.
WTI Crude Oil Futures is a broad index, and that is the building block most portfolios have reason to own before any other, for a simple reason: it requires no forecast. Two points deserve checking before calling it diversified. Cap weighting concentrates the portfolio on the largest companies, so the top ten holdings can make up a substantial share, and that concentration grows without any rule changing. And the geographic scope matters: a developed-world index leaves out emerging markets, while a broad US index is not global exposure despite the international revenue of the companies it holds.
Over one year the fund shows 121.0% against 22.8% annualised over five years: the recent year sits well above the long average. A gap in that direction mainly counsels care about the entry point, since what has risen sharply lately costs more today than a year ago, and the long average is the figure that best describes what to expect.
0.60%
1.7B
1,691M USDHigh
24
Synthetic
Distributing
USD
US
WTI Crude Oil Futures
US Commodity Funds
2006-04-10 (20 years)
Contextual Analysis
Fund Size
With 1.7B in assets, this is a large fund, good liquidity and tight spreads.
Fee Positioning
A TER of 0.60% is above the market average (~0.35%), justified if the strategy is specialized.
Track Record
Launched in 2006-04-10, this fund has 20 years of history, long and reliable track record.
Risk Profile
High risk, suited for long-term investors comfortable with volatility.
Performance
Returns Summary
| Period | Ann. Return | Cumulative |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Month (est.) | – | +6.8% |
| 3 Months (est.) | – | +21.9% |
| 6 Months (est.) | – | +48.7% |
| YTD (est.) | – | +39.2% |
| 1 Year | +121.0% | +121.0% |
| 3 Years | +26.1% | +100.5% |
| 5 Years | +22.8% | +178.8% |
| Since inception (20y) | +56.6% | +789667.0% |
Key Facts
Fund Profile
Themes & Zones
Holdings
Risk
How to Buy This ETF
Select your country in the menu to see available brokers and wrappers.
About this ETF
The United States Oil Fund tracks the WTI Crude Oil Futures index. It is managed by US Commodity Funds using synthetic replication and follows a distributing distribution policy. The fund is denominated in USD and domiciled in US. It has a total expense ratio (TER) of 0.60%.
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Frequently asked questions
What do USO's 0.60% charges actually cost?
They are taken from the fund's value continuously and never billed separately: on £1,000 invested that is about £6.00 a year and roughly £60 over ten years at a constant amount. That is the only cost of the fund itself. Your broker's commission and the spread between buying and selling price come on top, and they weigh most on small frequent purchases.
Is USO genuinely diversified?
Less so than the number of holdings suggests. WTI Crude Oil Futures weights its constituents by market capitalisation, so the largest companies make up a share of the fund far above their number, and that concentration deepens without any rule changing. The useful check is the weight of the top ten holdings, published monthly by US Commodity Funds: that figure says how many companies the outcome actually depends on.
What should you re-check on USO once a year?
Three things, none of which depends on the market. The ongoing charge, which an issuer revises without notice and whose gap to a competitor can invert. The tracking difference, the only figure that says whether replication stays faithful. And the methodology of WTI Crude Oil Futures, which can change its selection or weighting rules without the fund's name moving: in that case what you hold has changed with nothing to announce it.
What risk comes with USO's synthetic replication?
The fund does not hold the constituents of WTI Crude Oil Futures: it exchanges the return of a collateral basket for the index's return with a bank. The risk is therefore that the bank fails, which UCITS rules bound and collateral revalued daily covers. In exchange, the structure sometimes avoids withholding tax on dividends, which is why a synthetic fund can beat its physical equivalent after tax.
Can a European investor buy USO?
Not always. This fund sits outside the UCITS framework, so most European brokers cannot offer it to a retail client for want of a key information document in their language. Two consequences follow: US withholding tax on dividends, reduced by treaty where a W-8BEN is filed, and US securities falling within US estate tax above a threshold that is low for a non-resident.
This ranking is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Displayed performance is simulated.